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Sunday, August 15, 2010

Organization and Obedience

Organization and Obedience

No one must ever compromise any of the essential, life-saving truths from God, but to truly be part of the "one body" required of Christians, everyone must compromise some personal beliefs, preferences, interpretations, etc.

The Jewish Christians at Rome were to become dead to the Mosaic Law (which they and their ancestors had lived under from birth) and become joined to another (Jesus). - Romans 7:4-6.

This went against their natural desire to continue under the Law and to continue the practice of circumcision, etc. To follow Paul's instruction, in fact, meant great hardship for them within their families and within the Jewish community they lived in. - Ro. 8:35-37.


"Paul knew that the chief opposition to Christianity at that time was coming from the Jews."

"It is obvious that his purpose was to settle the difference in viewpoint between Jewish and Gentile Christians and to bring them toward complete unity as one man in Christ Jesus."

"Paul very straightforwardly and directly outlined the position of the Jews, and showed that Jews and Gentiles are on the same level before God, which required him to say some things that might have been considered an occasion for offense by Jews." - ROMANS, LETTER TO THE; Insight -2 pp. 819-821

It is obvious that this required great pain and hardship for the Jewish Christians (Ro. 9:1-5) just as the complete separation from their former lives obviously caused great hardship and persecution for the Greek/Roman Christians.

Paul, writing to the Asia Minor Christians (also composed of both Jewish and ex-pagan Christians), stressed the unity required of ALL Christians regardless of culture, circumstances, hardships, etc.:

"There is one body and one Spirit ... one Lord, one faith, one baptism, ..." - Eph. 4:4-6. And, the body of Christ is to be "built up until we all reach unity in the faith ... attaining to the whole measure of the fullness of Christ." (:12,13). "You must no longer live as the gentiles do ..." - Eph. 4:17 NIV.

In spite of Paul's clear instruction there were some Jewish Christians who were still unwilling to let go of certain parts of the Jewish teachings and traditions and were causing disunity at Antioch because of it.

Unfair as it may seem to many today, the matter was to be decided by the "governing body" in Jerusalem made up of all Jewish Christians! Surprisingly, perhaps, these Jewish Christians reaffirmed Paul's teaching: the Mosaic Law and circumcision must not be a requirement for Christians. - Acts 15.

Should the Jewish Christians at Antioch have been upset because a few Christians in far off Jerusalem were forcing them to teach and follow a doctrine they personally strongly disagreed with? Weren't they also members of the "anointed" class? Wasn't Holy Spirit also guiding them? And yet they were in strong disagreement with the "governing body"! Should they have left the organization? (Some undoubtedly did. Some probably even wrote very convincingly about the "dishonest, unfair, Spirit-resisting" organization they had just left.) Should they have attempted to continue teaching their beliefs within that organization in spite of the "governing body's" clear decision to the contrary? Should they have been disfellowshiped if they continued to disagree publicly?

And should the gentile Antioch Christians have absolutely refused to allow those Jewish Christians in far off Jerusalem decide how they were to live "Gentile" Christian lives?

If the all-Jewish Christians of the "governing body" in far off Jerusalem were truly guided by holy spirit as the Bible claims, Christians of any culture/circumstances would have to follow their decisions! And no matter what decision they made, there would always be some who personally felt that particular decision was unfair or unreasonable in some respects!

IF the Watchtower Society today is guided by holy spirit and is truly God's organization on earth as it claims, then the governing body of that organization, even though composed of imperfect men* and based in far off New York, USA, has the right and the duty to make final decisions for all Christians worldwide. And all those Christians have the duty to obey that governing body unless it clearly goes against God's word in one of the essential areas that mean eternal life! At that point a person must leave such an organization just as the Israelites should have rejected Aaron's Golden Calf (or Jeroboam's Golden Calves) and separated themselves from those whose hearts had returned to the false gods of the Egyptian culture they had known so well.

Moses, imperfect human as he was, was God's appointed leader of that vast congregation. What Moses taught them and what Moses did gave the Israelites (and accompanying Egyptians) ample evidence that God had appointed him. So, in spite of the apparent reasonableness of Miriam and Aaron's complaint about the absolute authority of Moses, they were punished by God for opposing that God-given authority. - Ex. 12.

The same goes for the apparent reasonableness of Korah and his followers (Numbers 16:3-11), but look at the consequences of that continued resistance (Num. 16:31-35). Even after those terrible consequences some of the Israelites blamed Moses' leadership for the permanent "disfellowshiping" (death) of those "people of Jehovah" (16:41) who they sincerely believed had been merely striving for justifiable, reasonable, loving changes in the leadership of the congregation. And look at what the result of that dissension was (16:42-49)!

By contrast, Moses came to see that he could judge his people differently than he had been doing, and it would be better for him and them (Ex. 18:13-27). That did not mean that if certain Israelites had opposed him or severely criticized him for his earlier method of judging them they would have been accounted right. Their opposition would still have been seen in the same light as Korah's: disobedience. But as soon as Moses changed the judging system, then those who preferred the old system had better accept the new method without opposition, or they, too, would become like Korah.

Moses probably could have chosen many different methods of judging and leading (some undoubtedly more popular and considered more "just" or "loving" than others), but that is not the real issue. The manner in which Moses judged was not the essential truth. But obedience to his judicial decisions was an essential truth.

Obedience to proper authority has always been the issue. It was the first issue raised in the Bible, and it is still the main issue today. Satan has, from the beginning and for obvious reasons, concentrated on this particular issue more than any other.

Let's look at the very first example of rightfully-required obedience, its "reasonableness" or "fairness" to men, and its consequences.
Genesis 2:16,17 states, "Jehovah God commanded the man [Adam] saying,




`Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.'" - ASV.

Now Adam apparently did not understand why he was not to eat of that tree, nor did he have to understand why. It should have been enough that he had learned by now that Jehovah was the Proper Authority, and if He said, "Don't even touch that thing," it should be obeyed!

But man's (and woman's) reasonings, if not properly controlled by experience, faith, and obedience toward the proven proper authority, and if doggedly pursued, can (and often do) lead to disobedience and its awful consequences.

Notice how a man might "reasonably" consider Adam's situation:




"Sure, Jehovah is my `head' and has given me a lot of essential true knowledge and guidance. But this is going too far. He must not have been serious about my not eating that fruit or he would have given me reasons, sat down and lovingly explained things to me. Any information leading to decisions concerning me must certainly be open to my inspection. How unfair otherwise! If God really didn't want me to have this fruit, it was terribly unfair and even cruel of him to put it in the garden at all (let alone smack in the middle of the place)! Not only that, but, if it will help me to have a knowledge of what's good and what's evil, it will help keep me from accidentally falling into evil ways, and, therefore, it is something that can actually save my life. It is something I really need, and God is actually withholding this good, necessary thing from me!"

Any normal human being would agree (at least in his heart) with most such human reasonings. And if they kept dwelling on the issue, the odds are that the majority would, in time, let such reasoning and its consequent buildup of resentment and indignation lead to "righteous" disobedience. Isn't the obvious proper course (once the rightful authority has finally been identified) to let faith and obedience rule over human reasonings and emotion?

The consequences of insisting on being "right" (or insisting on one's "rights") were extremely grievous not only to Adam and Eve but to their entire family (including you and me). Certainly its placement as the very first "lesson" in the scriptures for us and the extreme severity of its consequences make this example of disobedience one of supreme importance to everyone!

We should also consider human reasoning on the only two real authorities offered in this example (and, really, in all things). Ultimately (then and now) everything boils down to whose authority are we willing to follow - no matter what - Jehovah's or Satan's? Anything that isn't Jehovah's can only be Satan's, no matter how "fair," "reasonable," "loving," etc. that it may seem to our imperfect minds.

So if we reason on that original situation, we may actually "reason" ourselves into sympathy (and even agreement) with the disobedient ones and their acceptance of an improper authority. Notice who appears to have the more loving concern for his "subjects": Jehovah lays down an "unreasonable" demand without giving any background or reason and, instead, threatens them with death if they don't blindly do what he demands.

Satan, on the other hand, takes the time to actually explain why God has made this "unreasonable" demand (Gen. 3:5). We can see by his "concern" for man's welfare that Satan would never punish man with death for such a "reasonable" natural act. We see him advising them for their own good to take the fruit which will benefit them for the rest of their lives. He strongly encourages reasoning and "truth". - - - So, after such truly human "reasoning" which of the two authorities appears the more fair and loving?
And, as a final test of proper authority, we see Satan disagreeing with a clear-cut statement made by Jehovah: "in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." - Gen. 2:17. And Satan said, "Ye shall not surely die [in the day that ye eat therof]." - Gen. 3:4. Well, Satan had spoken truly when he told Eve that eating the fruit would open their eyes and they would know good and evil. But what about the direct contradiction between Jehovah's and Satan's statements above? Well, Adam and Eve did not die in the day that they ate of the fruit as God had stated but lived many hundreds of years thereafter, thus "proving" Satan's statement literally correct and God's false!

Truly, man is incapable of ruling himself well even when he has all the information required (which he never does). To prevent "reasoning" himself into catastrophe (as we see all around us in a "free" society: schools; juvenile gangs/rebellion; legal system breakdown; universal crime; polluting and destroying the actual planet we live on; dissent, resentment, and rebellion against any and all authority whether school teacher, boss, parent, bus driver, government official, et. al.; and much more) he must have proper authorities which everyone must support and obey. It doesn't matter that human "reasoning" can make Satan appear more just and loving than Jehovah. It doesn't matter that such "reasoning" can even make Satan appear more truthful than Jehovah.

And it certainly does no good to bitterly complain (as those did after Korah's death) about the "excessive cruelty" of the punishment for Adam and Eve's "reasonable" mistake of merely eating a piece of fruit that God had placed in their own garden - when the only true cure is to return to obedience to proper authority. Bitterly complaining about that proper authority does not alleviate the situation but, instead, only leads others to more disobedience!

The Bible has clearly given headship to the husband and father, for example. His will is to be respected by his wife and obeyed by his children. This is to be the rule for ALL Christians regardless of country, culture, or circumstances. Reasonably, we can think of all kinds of exceptions. We probably know of plenty of instances where a man's wife is clearly more intelligent, knowledgeable, reliable, etc. than her husband. Reasonably, (and lovingly, for her and her children, perhaps) one would think the wife should be allowed headship in such cases. But scripturally it is not to be! To do so would constitute disobedience to the headship of God!

In some cultures the wife is the head, and it may be extremely difficult for the members of a Christian family in such a culture to adjust. Should such people be allowed to continue their matriarchy when they become Christians? The Bible says no, in spite of the great difficulties it may cause Christians in this one culture!

Polygamy is a terrible problem for the married person who becomes a Christian in a few cultures. But scripture demands it not be overlooked, despite any localized hardships. Look at how "reasonable" and "loving" many of the organizations of Christendom are in this regard. Is this really the sign of a Christian? Christendom's churches may be easing some truly severe hardships of their members by allowing polygamous marriages to continue, but they are doing so at the expense of obedience to God's Word and the unity of the "one body, one faith"! And yet it wouldn't take behavioral scientists or university studies to conclude that severe emotional and economic strains would be suffered by many wives and their children when Christian principles are properly enforced. Suffering is greatly increased in such cases and a study of such individuals would undoubtedly show a greater number of emotionally disturbed individuals and, maybe, even a higher suicide rate among the newly-dissolved relationships. Everything that can be scripturally done to help these families should be done, but God's most important command must not be violated in behalf of the next greatest command (Mark 12:28-31; 1 John 5:2,3).

Those first Christians who were in the military had to leave that profession in spite of the hardships it may have caused them and their families. They couldn't be obedient to God's word otherwise. It probably seemed very unfair to some that the soldier (or idol-maker) had to give up his livelihood, and the wine merchant, for example, could continue his lucrative profession. The first Christians, however, didn't make "hardship dispensations" in such cases. It took several hundred years before the "more loving" Christendom began making such dispensations. And today such dispensations aren't even needed in most of Christendom's organizations: they bless and encourage their many members serving in the armed forces.

A Christian slave had to obey his human master uncomplainingly whether he was a good or a bad master. He was to serve that master with sincerity of heart. If that master was doing wrong, he will pay for it. - Col. 3:22-25. This was required as a matter of obedience to proper authority as well as for the witness it made of the conduct of Christians. Titus 2:9, 10 explains how this proper authority is to be obeyed by the Christian slave:




"be subject to their own masters in everything, to be well-pleasing, not argumentative ... but showing good faith" - NASB.

And why should Christian slaves behave this way even toward cruel, unjust masters?




"So that they are a credit to the teaching of God our savior." - Titus 2:10, JB. Also compare 1 Tim. 6:1.

Proper authority in government (whether truly just, good or bad) is to be obeyed by Christians in all things that do not clearly violate God's commandments. That means that true Christians do not become involved in movements to change (or even criticize or protest) that government. Even if we live in a dictatorship that does not allow us all the freedom or "unalienable rights" we sincerely believe we should have, we must not rebel against that government as the rest of the world does. If this behavior is required for Christians in their relationship with worldly leaders, then how much more must we obey the decisions of men appointed by God to be our spiritual leaders on earth! Even when we disagree with some of them (as long as they do not clearly ask us to break God's essential commands) we are to be humble and obedient so that the word of God may not be spoken of abusively (as it so clearly is because of the lack of obedience to proper authority by Christendom).

It's so much better to be accused of slavish conformity by the members of Christendom than to be so plainly divided into bickering, disobedient parties and sects as are even individual churches in Christendom. Even the strongest of them exists divided, certainly not "one body"! Clearly disrespectful and disobedient to the authority of their own church leadership in various areas. Such open display of disobedience, lack of humility, and divisiveness proclaims to the world what they think of the idea of obedience to "God's earthly representatives" (think of the average Catholic's "obedience" to the Pope's authority, for example), and therefore, obedience to God himself.
The unity of Christians cannot be overemphasized. And this unity can be achieved in no other way than through obedience. One of Christendom's more respected reference works, The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, tells us




"there is one abiding will of God ..., and in conformity with the will of this one God there is one church composed of Jews and Gentiles." [And, on the same page, Jesus' unity with God is explained this way:] "Adam, the disobedient one, brought death; Jesus, the obedient One, brought life .... He is one with God the Father (Jn. 10:30; 17:11,21 ff.)." - p. 721, volume 2, Zondervan, 1986.

Jesus is "one" with the Father only through absolute obedience to that proper authority (1 Cor. 11:3). The Father does not conform His will to Jesus' to obtain this oneness. Jesus does not rebel, argue, complain, or murmur. He immediately adopts his Father's will as his own and is thus one with the Father.

Notice how another of Christendom's respected references, The NIV Study Bible, explains the above scriptures. John 17:11 in that reference work shows Jesus praying to his Father in heaven about his earthly followers: "so that they may be one as we are one." A footnote for this verse states:




"The latter part of the prayer strongly emphasizes unity .... The unity is to be like that between the Father and the Son. It is much more than unity of organization, but the church's present divisions are the result of the failures of Christians."

And the footnote for John 17:21 states




"The unity of believers should have an effect on outsiders, to convince them of the mission of Christ. Jesus' prayer is a rebuke of the groundless and often bitter divisions among believers."

And a footnote for 17:22 says:




"Again the Lord emphasized the importance of unity among his followers, and again the standard is the unity of the Father and the Son." - Zondervan, 1985.

Another highly respected New Testament scholar, Dr. William Barclay ("world-renowned Scottish New Testament interpreter [and] profound scholar and a writer of extraordinary gifts"), in his popular The Daily Study Bible Series, also comments on this oneness of God, Jesus, and true Christians. Commenting on the above scriptures in John 17, Barclay writes:




"Jesus prayed for the unity of his disciples. Where there are divisions, where there is exclusiveness, where there is competition between the Churches, the cause of Christianity is
harmed and the prayer of Jesus frustrated. The gospel cannot truly be preached
in any congregation which is not one united band of brothers. The world cannot be evangelized by competing churches. Jesus prayed that his disciples might be fully one as he and the Father are one; and there is no prayer of his which has been so hindered from being answered by individual Christians and by the Churches than this." - pp. 215, 216.

"Further, as Jesus saw it and prayed for it, it was to be precisely that unity which convinced the world of the truth of Christianity and of the place of Christ. It is more natural for men to be divided than to be united. It is more human for men to fly apart than to come together. Real unity between all Christians would be a `supernatural fact which would require a supernatural explanation.' It is the tragic fact that it is just that united front that the Church has never shown to men." - p. 218, The Gospel of John, volume 2, revised edition, 1975, The Westminster Press.

When the Watchtower Society changed the elder arrangements, for example, they were changing a method (like Moses did) not an essential truth. And those many Christians who were stumbled by it (perhaps they were even correct that the old method was better in some respects) exchanged the much more essential life-saving requirement of humility and obedience to proper authority for the right to dissent in a "reasonable" and "just" cause. (Be sure to carefully read the "Obedience" article in the Aid or Insight book.)
If the governing body today is not giving proper consideration to the advice and recommendations from the local committees of brothers in the various countries/cultures before they make decisions or if they are exercising poor judgment in behalf of their brothers in certain areas, they are responsible to God for their actions.




"Remember your leaders who spoke the word of God to you. Consider the outcome of their way of life and imitate their faith." "Obey your leaders and submit to their authority. They keep watch over you as men who must give an account. Obey them so that their work will be a joy, not a burden ...." - Heb. 13:7, 17 New International Version.

If certain men within God's organization are being consistently false to Jehovah's spirit (as happened throughout Bible history even), they will be corrected eventually, or they will pay the awful consequences. God's faithful "slave" must not be abandoned or bitterly criticized because of the actions of certain individuals within it. - compare Col. 3:22-25.

It's doubtful if any decision made by God's leaders on earth hasn't been considered unfair or unloving by some. Imagine how some must have felt about 1 Tim. 5:9-16, for example, or about the woman and her children who, because of God's scriptural command, had to endure in silence the God-given authority of what sometimes seemed to be an unjust husband and father. And wasn't it terribly cruel to not allow those persecuted Gentile Christians (whose captors allowed them only food with blood in it) to eat such food in order to preserve their lives? And what would it have hurt to allow persecuted Christians to escape great hardship, and even torture and death, by merely burning a pinch of incense in front of the emperor's image? Wouldn't God have known that they did it unwillingly? And yet the "leaders" didn't allow it.

Do we really have the right to criticize those spirit-anointed Christian leaders because their decisions seem "unloving" or "unreasonable" to some of us? All of us can find places in the Bible that seem "cruel" or "unreasonable" to us. Should we grumble against the authority of the Bible? If we do, we have lost everything! If we do, we have become no different than Babylon the Great which has failed so completely to show the absolutely necessary oneness required by Jesus' prayer in John 17.

Jesus, of course, being the direct representative of God himself, and being the mediator between God and man, had the right and the duty to criticize the "governing body" of God's organization on earth. Those who are supposed to be led by that "governing body," however, do not have such a right. Notice how Jesus, as recorded in Matthew 23, really "ripped up" the "teachers of the law and the Pharisees" for their conduct even though they were the leaders and the "proper authority" at that time!

But although he was condemning the actions of these leaders, Jesus also told his followers this:




"The teachers of the law and the Pharisees sit in Moses' seat. So you must obey them and do everything they tell you."! - Matt. 23:1-3 NIV.

Yes, in spite of their "fruits" these men were, at that time, the rightful "proper authority" of God's organization on earth. Men were to obey them. God, through Jesus, was to correct them in his own good time.

However, if there is no single organization on earth today being directed by God's spirit (which would certainly be strange since there was always one single such organization from Moses through New Testament times, at least, and these critical last days certainly demand it, also), then it would not be out of line to question and criticize the leadership of any religious organization. But it would also be a waste of time. Why try to change an organization if it isn't directed by God anyway? Why be any part of such an organization?

On the other hand, if there is a single organization being guided by Jehovah's spirit (as would be expected if the Good News is truly to be spread completely and properly - see Barclay quote above), we would certainly not want to put ourselves in Korah's place when he questioned the authority and methods of Moses with the "reasonable" statement that the entire congregation was being guided by Jehovah, and, therefore, the entire congregation (or at least all the chief representatives of the assembly) should have equal authority with Moses and Aaron. - Num. 16:3-11.

Certainly this must appeal to the hearts of men of Western culture who are familiar with "Democracy" and representative forms of government. But is it really God's way? When it came to the hearts of the majority, we often saw God's people drifting away to pagan ways which they frequently defended as being forms of worship of Jehovah. For example, almost immediately after assenting at Mt. Sinai to be God's people forever, the majority decided they would "honor Jehovah" with a golden calf.

Notice other examples of "reasonable" mutterings against Moses' leadership at Numbers 14 and 21:4-6. These are specifically referred to at 1 Cor. 10:9-11 as " warnings for us" today to "not grumble" (NIV). We have, instead, the proper example of David to follow. He refused (even under extreme pressure) to go against Jehovah's properly appointed representative, King Saul, even though Saul was obviously acting improperly!

A study of scripture (and the history of the very first Christians) shows that Christians would not compromise. However, compromise began to be tolerated (not long after the death of the last Apostle) in the early Roman church. Different teachings/customs were more and more allowed to be incorporated into different local congregations in consideration of their own distinct cultural backgrounds. And, finally, the most popular of such compromises found their way into the official Roman Church doctrines and beliefs and were enforced on all "Christians."

Scriptural restrictions on blood, political/military service, pagan ceremonies, etc., for which early Christians would rather die than break, were now overlooked because they caused "hardships" for some.

The "worship" of Mary was tolerated in certain communities long before it became official Church policy. It just grew in popularity until the Roman church adopted it.

Many different popular concepts of God were tolerated in different communities until the Roman church officially compromised and worked many of them into its official "orthodox" trinity doctrine which now must be accepted, 99% of Christendom believes, or they will be "accursed"! What if the "governing body" of the "Church" had never tolerated divergent views of God in the first place? Then the blasphemous trinity doctrine could never have taken hold. In fact the early "Church" could have preserved original Christianity instead of destroying it if it had "cruelly" insisted on conformance to Bible teachings from the very beginning and ignored what the majority wanted.

The pronunciation of God's name came to be a strong issue in Jewish culture sometime before the 4th century A.D. It came to be extremely offensive to Jews to hear God's name spoken aloud. For Christians in or near Jewish communities, then, it would have been extremely difficult to continue to use the Divine Name (as scripture demands). And so we see God's name actually removed from the Christian Greek scriptures by the 4th century (as it was from the Septuagint, also) probably to accommodate this cultural "hardship".

Even today localized compromises with cultural demands are permitted by nearly all of Christendom. Polygamy, for example, is allowed (either openly or covertly) by many such organizations in certain cultures and not in others. Even compromises with such God-condemned things as Voodoo, ancestor worship, etc. are tolerated in certain cultures by the Roman Catholic Church (and others). And such things as abortion, fortune-telling, astrology, etc. which are taught to be sinful by the Catholic Church are almost universally overlooked by it! Christendom has obviously abdicated its authority and is a false leader. Anyone obeying such an authority is in company with Korah's followers or "the blind who follow blind guides" - Matt. 15:14.

The big decision has to be: which is the one organization that has come out of Babylon the Great and is preaching like Noah when the final days are winding down to the end? (There must be only one body, one faith, which alone of all the many religious "bodies" on earth is being guided by God's spirit.)

Even Christendom admits the necessity of God's organization on earth:




"God has commanded his people to organize themselves into distinct visible ecclesiastical communities with constitutions, laws and officers ... and discipline, for the great purpose ... of making known the gospel of that kingdom, and of gathering in all its elect subjects" - p. 134, Today's Dictionary of the Bible, Bethany House Publ., 1982.

The obviously essential teachings of the Watchtower organization should convince any interested person which organization is the one organization:

--- Exactly who is God? (Jn 17:3; 2 Thess. 1:7, 8, among others, show how essential such knowledge really is).

--- Who, alone, is proclaiming God's Name as He says must be done in the last days? (Ezek. 39:6, 7; Jer. 17:19-21).

--- Who, alone, is actively preaching the kingdom in the entire world as Jesus said must be done in the very last days? (Matt. 24:14; 28:19). Not all the nearly 1 billion members of Christendom combined are as active in "all the nations" as is the Watchtower Society, and no other organization even begins to approach the Watchtower organization in publications which further that "Great Commission." And certainly none of Christendom's organizations is actively preaching the kingdom message at all!

--- Who, alone, has come all the way out of Babylon the Great? You know, Babylon was a large city with very wide roads and huge gates. When Jehovah insists that all his people "get out of her, my people" (Rev. 18:4), he obviously does not mean for some to take a few steps toward the gate (or even only a hundred steps if they still haven't reached the gate and continued on out) and then stop! You must take all the steps required to retrace your entire route back along that broad, spacious road and on out through that huge gate, and then you must find the narrow gate and stay on the cramped road that leads to eternal life - Matt. 7:13, 14.

But what other organization has not stopped short of exiting that broad Babylonian gate? What other organization does not still retain at least some of those blatantly Babylonian doctrines/ ceremonies/ holy days, etc. whether they have taken a certain number of steps back toward that gate as "Protestant" organizations or not? Why, 99% of them can't (or won't) even rid themselves of the 3-in-one God concept which is so obviously part of "Babylon"! Or make any effort to uncover God's name which so many of them have knowingly helped bury!

-- Who alone has actually made a reality of the "one body ... one spirit ... one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all"? - Eph. 4:4-6. Who has really embodied a great crowd who sincerely strive for "complete lowliness of mind and mildness, with long-suffering ... earnestly endeavoring to observe the oneness of the spirit in the uniting bond of peace"? - Eph. 4:2,3.

This very solid unity or "oneness" which is so often criticized is, in itself, a necessity according to scripture (and reason). It is also unique among all the organizations claiming to be Christian today.

Of course you know that there are other important scriptural teachings which this organization lives by that other organizations either completely ignore or give only lip-service to. But when considering only these few essentials even, it becomes obvious that there is either only one organization today being guided by Jehovah's spirit or there is none!

As Peter said when even Jesus taught some things that stumbled his followers who didn't completely understand,




"Who shall we go to? You have the MESSAGE OF ETERNAL LIFE" - John 6:68 The Jerusalem Bible.

Many who became Jehovah's Witnesses came to this same conclusion in spite of some doubts about the certainty of various other teachings and scriptural interpretations by the Watchtower Society. Some of these teachings can seem quite important, but, even if wrong, these are not really the "messages of eternal life"!

Shouldn't these Witnesses hope to follow the God-appointed leadership on earth which has "the message of eternal life" even if it tells them a few things they personally find difficult to accept? Even if they believe they can prove it is probably wrong in certain of these secondary areas? After all, "Who else is there to go to?" Who else has the message of eternal life?
It's not worth being "right" (as Korah probably truly believed he was, or those stumbled by Watchtower organizational method changes believed they were) and losing everlasting life for it. There must be priorities in all things. Being right in one area does not compensate for being wrong in a greater area. Who would choose an operation to remove a small non-harmful blemish which may be causing some slight irritation when there is a distinct possibility that the operation itself will lead to death?

Look at this "truth" given by the NIV Bible translation committee, for example:




"Here is why we did not [use `Jehovah' in the NIV]: .... We are the victims of 350 years of the King James tradition. It is far better to get two million to read it - that is how many have bought it to date - and to follow the King James, than have two thousand buy it and have the correct translation of [God's name]." - WT, July 15, 1979, p.27.

It is probably true that using "Jehovah" or "Yahweh" would have drastically reduced the number of people who would have read it. And it is true that we should do our best to get as many people as possible to read the Bible. But profaning God's name in order to get more people to read the Bible is not a truth that will lead any one to eternal life. In spite of the fact that a majority of these "Christian" translators voted to translate in the King James tradition (yes, a number of them actually felt strongly that the Name should be honestly translated) it is plain that they have seriously sinned. Their sense of essential priorities is fatally flawed: they have exchanged an essential truth that means eternal life for a "reasoned truth" of much less value.

No one must ever compromise any of the essential life-saving truths, but to be truly part of the "one body" everyone must compromise some personal beliefs, preferences, interpretations, etc. because obedience to proper authority is one of those essential life-saving requirements. We can never be "one" with God and Jesus (John 17:21-23) without such obedience. And for those of us who have had the most difficulty in coming to fully accept such a requirement, we can expect the most severe testing to come in that area.

......................................................................
NOTE

*(MANY people would have STRONG objections to this "prejudiced" exclusion of women from the governing body, and from a human viewpoint within THIS particular western culture it does SEEM unfair. I'll bet there are plenty of scholarly studies showing the "cruel injustice" and "psychological harm" caused by such "chauvinistic" treatment of women. But, in spite of such APPARENT harm done to our sisters through such "unloving discrimination" we MUST follow clear scriptural principles. And we MUST remain "one body". We cannot allow cultural/circumstantial differences to either violate God's Word in some parts of the world or to fragment the unity of the organization.)

For more, see:
Organization

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Friday, August 13, 2010

The Shroud of Turin

(For an abbreviated article concerning the Shroud of Turin, click here.)

pp. 27-29, Biblical Archaeology Review, Nov./Dec. `98:
DEBUNKING THE SHROUD
Made by Human Hands
GARY VIKAN

Nothing puzzles and intrigues the sindonologist - the student of the Shroud of Turin - more than the supposed mystery of how the image on the shroud was made. "It doesn't look like any known work of art," they say. The implication is that its creation was somehow miraculous, perhaps caused by a sudden burst of cosmic energy as the cloth came into contact with the dead body of Jesus. But in fact, it is simply historical ignorance of what the shroud really is (or at least, what it purports to be) that leads these people to wrong-headed notions. The Shroud of Turin is not, by definition, a work of art but instead belongs to the long and revered tradition of sacred objects that are at once relics and icons.

Such objects first appeared during the sixth century in the Holy Land; in Greek they are called acheiropoietai (singular, acheiropoietos), which means "not made by human hands." They are called this because they are (apparently) contact impressions of holy bodies. They have become relics through physical contact with the sacred, and they are icons because of the resultant image; but in neither case is there (by definition, at least) any intervention by an artist.

Among the earliest acheiropoietai is the Column of Flagellation, in Jerusalem. This relic (the column) appears for the first time in fifth historical sources, which describe its location in the Church of Holy Sion; but it is only in the sixth century that pilgrims began to see the image of Jesus' hands and chest impressed into its stone surface, left there, presumably, as Jesus was bound in place for the flagellation.-century

The most characteristic form of acheiropoietos, however, is the holy cloth. According to legend, St. Veronica stepped forward to wipe the sweat from Jesus' brow as he stumbled toward Calvary, and her towel - already transformed into a relic through that holy contact - miraculously retained the image of Jesus' face. Known as Veronica's Veil, the relic became one of the most famous acheiropoietai of the Middle Ages.[1] Another such cloth image (also generated by perspiration) was produced on the night of the betrayal, as Jesus prayed intently at Gethsemane. And then there is the Shroud of Turin, seemingly produced by blood, blood plasma and sweat absorbed from Jesus' dead body at the time of entombment [see "The Shroud Painting Explained" by Walter McCrone at end of this paper.]

Several reputed examples of each of these holy-icon cloths have surfaced over the centuries. At least three dozen cloths have been identified as Veronica's Veil, the Holy Shroud, and the like. In 12th-century Constantinople alone, there were two iconic burial shrouds and one Gethsemane towel, each of which was eventually destroyed. What sets the Shroud of Turin apart is not what it is, but rather how it, almost alone among its object type, has survived more or less intact to modern times.

But the more important point is this: The Shroud of Turin is not and never was a "work of art" in the conventional sense of that term. And in fact, were it in any way to look like a work of art - something made by human hands - this would immediately disqualify it from being what it is supposed to be: an acheiropoietos.

This is the catch-22 that sindonologists fail to appreciate: For the shroud to be the shroud, it more or less has to look the way it looks. Furthermore, the shroud is in no way unique in appearance among its object type. The single salient quality that these sacred objects share is that very quality that is so striking about the shroud - namely, a faint and elusive image seemingly produced by bodily secretions.

How is it, finally, that we know for certain that the Shroud of Turin is a fake? Without prejudicing the possibility that one or more among history's several dozen acheiropoietai may be genuine, we can be positive that this one cannot, since, according to its carbon 14 dating, it could not possibly have come into contact with the historical Jesus. Yet it would be incorrect to view the Shroud of Turin as just another icon, because it was very clearly, very self-consciously doctored in order to become what millions, until recently, have taken it to be: an image not made by human hands. And these, unlike icons, can only be one of a kind.

The Shroud of Turin was created to deceive. It was manufactured at a time, in western Europe especially, when relics meant pilgrimage and pilgrimage meant money. The competition for both, among rival cities and towns, was intense. And stealing and forgery were both part of the business.

It was also a time when the material remains of Jesus' Passion were very much in vogue, when St. Louis would build Ste. Chapelle solely to enshrine the Crown of Thorns (which had recently been stolen from Constantinople).
A contemporary model will help us understand this culture in which the blood and gore of Jesus' death carried intense spiritual power. Although Emperor Constantine outlawed crucifixion in 315 A.D., the practice - as a form of piety - was never completely abandoned. To this day, some members of a lay confraternity of Spanish American Catholics in northern New Mexico, called the Penitentes, are said to practice various forms of extreme body mortification during Holy Week, including self-crucifixion. Thus, the Penitentes understand the physical reality of crucifixion as few before them have. The Penitentes are also known for their artwork; most characteristic are their carved wooden crucifixes, painted blue, which incorporate their firsthand knowledge of crucifixion - specifically, the knowledge that the body eventually turns blue from suffocation.

The carbon 14 dating of the shroud to 1260-1390 A.D. brings us into the world of the Penitentes' patron saint, Francis of Assisi (who died in 1226), to his stigmata (the miraculous wounds on his hands, feet and side) and, especially, to the lay brotherhoods that his piety and his cult of self-mortification engendered. These Christians appreciated and understood Jesus' wounds in a very physical way.

This is the world of the holy shroud; these are the people for whom it would have held special meaning; and these, certainly, are the people for whom it was made. Just as the Penitentes understand the significance of blueness, these medieval Christians would have understood that the nails must have gone through Jesus' wrists in order to hold the body to the cross (although in medieval art these wounds are invariably in the palms). And their cult images would match this physical understanding of crucifixion, even to the point of adding human blood, much as the Penitentes add human hair and bone to their cult images. All of which is to say that the indication of nail holes in the wrists and what some claim is the presence of blood on the linen need not add up to a miracle.

Knowing both this and the shroud's carbon 14 dating of 1260 to 1390 A.D., it is worth returning, finally, to the place and time of the shroud's first appearance in historical documents. It is the year 1357, and the shroud is being exhibited publicly to pilgrims. It belongs to a French nobleman, Geoffrey de Charnay, and is being displayed in his private chapel in Lirey, a village near Troyes, in northeastern France. The Bishop of Troyes, Henri of Poitiers, is upset because he believes the shroud is a fake; in fact, he has been told this by a man who claims to have painted it. Thirty years pass. It is now 1389, and Henri's successor, Pierre d'Archis, writes a long letter of protest about the shroud to Pope Clement VII. He recalls his predecessor's accusation and then goes on to state his own conviction "that the Shroud is a product of human handicraft ... a cloth cunningly painted by a man." He pleads with the Pope to end its public display. The Pope's written reply is cautious but clear; the shroud may still be displayed, but only on the condition that a priest be in attendance to announce to all present,

`in a loud and intelligible voice, without any trickery, that the aforesaid form or representation [the shroud] is not the burial cloth of Our Lord Jesus Christ, but only a kind of painting or picture made as a form or representation of the burial cloth.'

This was the true verdict - the correct verdict- from the Pope, issued less than four decades after the shroud was painted. And isn't it ironic that it has taken 600 years to get essentially the same answer - but this time from the offices of an international team of scientists? [Emphasis added. - RDB]


[Also from p. 29 of the same publication:]
THE SHROUD PAINTING EXPLAINED BY WALTER C. McCRONE

I beg to differ with the recent statement in BAR [Biblical Archaeology Review] (and in Time magazine) that "no one has been able to account for the image" on the Shroud of Turin.

Nearly 20 years ago the Catholic Church invited me to determine chemically what the image is on the Shroud of Turin.

I obtained 32 samples from the shroud: 18 from areas where there are images (both of a body and of bloodstains) and 14 from non-image areas (some from clear areas that served as controls, others from scorch and water stains caused by a fire in 1532). The samples were taken with squares of sticky tape, each of which exceeded a square inch in area and held more than 1,000 linen fibers and any materials attached to the shroud. They were excellent samples. I used standard forensic tests to check for blood. I found none. There is no blood on the shroud.

To determine what substances are present in the shroud images, I conducted tests based on polarized light microscopy. I identified the substance of the body-and-blood images as the paint pigment red ochre, in a collagen tempera medium. The blood image areas consist of another pigment, vermilion, in addition to red ochre and tempera. These paints were in common use during the Middle Ages.

The paint on the shroud was very dilute (0.01 percent in a 0.01 percent gelatin solution). I made up such a paint and an artist friend, Walter Sanford, painted an excellent shroud-like image (see ... my book Judgement Day for the Shroud [Chicago: McCrone Research Institute, 1996], pp. 145, 149). Known as grisaille, the style of the painting, with its very faint, monochromatic image, was also common in the 14th century.

Based on the complete absence of any reference to the shroud before 1356, Bishop Henri of Poitiers's statement that he knew the artist, the 14th century painting style and my test results, I concluded in two papers published in 1980 that the shroud was painted in 1355 ("to give the paint a year to dry"). A third paper in 1981 confirmed these results with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray determination of the elements present (iron, mercury and sulfur) in the two paints. Eight years after my published results, the carbon-dating results were reported as 1325 [plus or minus 65 years] - thus confirming my date of 1355.

An expert in microanalysis and painting authentication, Walter C. McCrone is director emeritus of the McCrone Research Institute in Chicago, Illinois. [Emphasis added - RDB.]

*****************************

The March/April 1999 edition of Biblical Archaeology Review carried a number of dissenting letters by "Shroud Believers." They attacked the above articles and the researchers who wrote them. Here is Walter C. McCrone's reply to their objections:










Any objective chemist would be convinced by my detailed articles[2] and book, Judgement Day for the Turin Shroud,[3] in which I argue that the shroud is a beautiful medieval painting. I am expert in using microscopical methods to identify the pigments, media and supports for each paint used in a painting. I have examined several hundred paintings, by artists from Giotto to Pollock, submitted to me by dealers, auction houses and collectors in order to authenticate them.

When I began my study of the 32 sticky tapes taken from body-image, blood-image, scorched and clean areas of the shroud, I looked for body fluids, especially blood. However, I immediately saw thousands of tiny red ochre particles in the image areas. The more I looked at these tapes, the more I became convinced that the image was paint. Subsequently, I found a second red pigment with the red ochre, but only in blood-image areas. I tested for blood by several recognized forensic tests (benzidine, luminol, Teichman, phenolphthalein and sulfuric acid plus ultraviolet fluorescence). I might add that I am a member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and have worked on, and testified in court on, forensic cases.

I and an artist friend of mine have prepared shroudlike images on linen using diluted blood as a paint and examined sticky tapes from those images. There were no particles of blood, much less red particles. Dried blood is brown and present on my dilute blood-painted shroud tapes as a continuous brown gel-like smear. My colleagues at McCrone Associates used X-ray fluorescence and X-ray and electron diffraction on the samples, which confirmed my research in every respect. I object 100 percent to all pro-shroud claims:

+ Carbon dating - three world-class laboratories in the United States, England and Switzerland analyzed clean shroud samples and three other known-date cloths with agreement on all four cloths, and they did a good job of cleaning the samples. Only a few pro-shroud individuals disagree with their conclusion: 1325 [A.D.]

+/- 65 years.

+ Blood tests -- I stand by my claim that there is no blood on the shroud. Anyone claiming there is is guilty of wishful thinking and speaking from their belief in a first-century shroud.

+ Mercury -- the presence of mercuric sulfide as the pigment vermilion (in a form invented by alchemists in about 700 A.D.) is proved microchemically, by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. All of the seven blood-image tapes showed thousands of vermilion pigment particles dispersed on the linen fibers.

+ Iron oxide (red ochre) as image -- neither Adler nor anyone else has shown that 90 percent of the iron [present on the shroud] is bonded to cellulose and is not present as colored iron oxide. This ludicrous statement is an out-and-out misrepresentation of the facts. Anyone making such a statement [as one of the letter writers attributed to Alan Adler] is either not a microscopist or is incompetent or lying. The explanation of the shroud image as due to dehydrative oxidation of the cellulose [also attributed to Adler] is balderdash - absolutely impossible; 99 percent of the iron on the shroud is readily visible to a microscopist as micron-sized red particles bound to the linen with a dried gelatin paint medium.

+ There were very few pollen grains on his tapes (I examined them very carefully).Pollen -- Max Frei has been shown to have misled all of us with his report of 54 different species of pollen, all from the Near East, on the shroud.[4]

+ Three-dimensional images -- I taught a noted Chicago portrait artist, Walter Sanford, to paint "shrouds" with convincing 3-D and negative images.

+ History of the shroud -- there is no credible evidence for the shroud before 1356, and the bishop at the time said he knew the artist who painted it.

I can't go on. Some people believe so strongly in a real Christ's shroud that they "see" anything that would be there if real. From my experience as a painting authenticator, the shroud is authentic - a beautiful and inspired authentic painting - p. 66. [emphasis added - RDB.].

Jehovah's Witnesses have written on this subject even long before the scientific proof related above:


"Shroud of Turin"









From time to time publicity is given to the "Shroud of Turin," a cloth the full length of a body, supposedly showing the image of Jesus. Roman Catholics believe that the likeness came from its contact with the body of Jesus. Others doubt the claim.
However, was Jesus buried in a one-piece shroud? No, he was not. God's inspired Word, the Holy Scriptures, states at John chapter 20, verses 6 and 7, that in the empty tomb after Jesus was resurrected the apostle Peter "observed the wrappings on the ground and saw the piece of cloth which had covered the head not lying with the wrappings, but rolled up in a place by itself." - Catholic New American Bible.

So there were several cloths, with a separate one around Jesus' head. Thus the "Shroud of Turin" could not have been any part of the actual cloths used in Jesus' burial, since it is in one piece and Jesus was "bound . . . in wrappings of cloth," with a separate one being used for his head. - John 19:40, NAB. - p. 15, Watchtower, 1 April 1979

*****************************************

pp. 16-20, Awake!, 8 March 1980.
The Shroud of Turin - Is It the Burial Cloth of Jesus?










[Picture of human face shown.] Is this the face of Jesus Christ? Millions of persons around the world believe it is. Why?
This face is part of the image on a piece of linen cloth called "the most important relic in the history of Christianity" - the Shroud of Turin.

This 14-by-3 1/2-foot (4.3-by-1.1-m) cloth is claimed to be the "fine linen" (Mark 15:46) used to wrap the body of Jesus after his death. On it is formed the faint image of a blood-stained body with wounds that are said to correspond to those inflicted on Jesus. The cloth, it is asserted, was laid lengthwise over and under the body so that one sees the front and the back of a man, and this is centered between two dark streaks resulting from fire damage.

World attention was focused on the relic when, after a long-awaited public display, which drew millions of observers, permission was granted a team of scientists to examine the shroud carefully. For five days and nights during October 1978, these 45 scientists, armed with four tons of sophisticated space-age instruments, pored over the relic. In fact, Science News reported:

"Five yards of linen kept on an altar in Turin cathedral are the subject of more precise scientific tests than probably any other religious relic."

Even before the findings of the scientists were published, newspapers and books hailed the shroud as:
• "A Proof of the Existence of God"
• "The Fifth Gospel Written in Blood"
• "A Literal `Snapshot' of the Resurrection"
• "The Photograph of Christ"

What Christian would not like to know the physical appearance of Jesus? To think that there is, as some claim, tangible proof of the resurrection certainly creates excitement. On the other hand, how would you feel if the shroud proved to be a fraud? How misleading! By drawing such great attention, could it be sidetracking persons, causing them to ignore weightier matters?

Would you not want to know all the facts? Just how should a Christian be affected by this relic?

First, let us examine just why so many scientists are excited about the shroud.

Why Are Some Excited?






The herringbone weave of the cloth [it has been claimed] was popular in Palestine during the time of Christ,[5] and [it has been claimed that] pollen taken from it was found to be from plants that at one time grew in that land. The preservation of linen from Jesus' day is nothing extraordinary, for linen cloths dating even before then still exist. What makes this cloth unique is the image on it.

Back in 1898, when the shroud was photographed for the first time, something completely unexpected happened that attracted the attention of scientists. When the pictures were developed, the image was found to be in reality a negative. (In photography a negative is what you see on the developed film where the whites and blacks are reversed.) The faint markings on the shroud appeared to come to life in the negatives. With exceptional detail they showed the full figure of a man.

Marks were observed in the wrist and the foot as if these had been pierced. Also noticed were a large bloodstain on the right chest area and numerous dumbbell-shaped wound marks that resemble the lead balls used on Roman scourges during the time of Christ. Bloodstains were seen on the top of the head, suggesting the use of a crown of thorns.
The greatest puzzle is how the image was formed. Recent tests failed to find any traces of pigment known to have been used during the Middle Ages, when the shroud made its first documented appearance. By the use of powerful microscopes, the image was found to be made up of tiny "yellow-red to orange granules" that sat on top of the weave. Whatever caused the image did not penetrate the cloth. Apparently, according to authority Ian Wilson, "it would seem to have been a `dry' process as from some physical force reacting with the surface fibers of the Shroud threads, the granules thereby being formed, as it were, from the fibers themselves."

The latest theory, according to physical chemist and shroud authority Ray Rogers, is that the image "was formed by a burst of radiant energy." Some feel this occurred when Jesus was resurrected. However, are all convinced?

Why Some Have Serious Doubts







A number of serious Bible scholars doubt its authenticity because of the Scriptural record. The Scriptures suggest conditions during Jesus' burial that were contrary to what is seen on the shroud. For the shroud to be authentic, two conditions must have existed when the image was formed: (1) the body could not have been washed, for the bloodstains are clearly visible, and (2) the linen cloth would have to have been laid loosely over the body, not pressed against it. "The figures [on the shroud] had not been produced by mere contact of the linen with human flesh," affirms shroud backer Edward Wuenschel. He adds: "Such contact would have caused considerable distortion, and there is little or no distortion in the figures on this shroud."

The accounts of Jesus' burial by Matthew (27:59, 60), Mark (15:46) and Luke (23:53) are quite brief. But they all say that the body was "wrapped" in "fine linen." Was the body so quickly prepared that it was not first washed? Such treatment by Jews would be highly unusual. Why? Contemporary Jewish historian Josephus says that, unlike some of their enemies, "the Jews used to take so much care of the burial of men."

The apostle John, who was an eyewitness, fills in some additional details confirming that "much care" was taken with Jesus' body before it was buried. He reports:
"He [Joseph of Arimathea] came and took his body away. Nicodemus also . . . came bringing a roll of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds of it. So they took the body of Jesus and bound it up with bandages with the spices, just the way the Jews have the custom of preparing for burial." - John 19:38-40.

What was the "custom" of the Jews in preparing for burial? Virtually the only contemporary evidence is in the Greek Scriptures. There it shows that the body was first washed and then oils and spices were used to anoint it. (Acts 9:37; Matt. 26:12) The fact that Joseph and Nicodemus made use of the myrrh, aloes and bandages and "bound up" the body indicates that they had at least begun the customary Jewish preparation of the dead.
Ancient Jewish non-Biblical writings also indicate that it was their custom to wash the body and to use spices, but not to preserve or embalm the body as some claim; rather, as the Talmud says, "The spices are to remove the bad smell." Such preparation of the corpse was not forbidden even on the Sabbath; as the Mishnah (2nd century C.E.) says: "They may make ready [on the Sabbath] all that is needful for the dead, and anoint it and wash it." - Shabbath 23:5.

That the two men took steps to prepare the body for burial is also indicated by what was found in the empty tomb after Jesus' resurrection. John tells us:
"He [Peter] viewed the bandages lying, also the cloth that had been upon his head not lying with the bandages but separately rolled up in one place." (John 20:6, 7)

There is no mention of the "fine linen" (Greek: sindón), but reference is made to "bandages" (Greek: othónia) and a "cloth that had been on his head" (Greek: soudárion). It may be that the "fine linen" was torn up into strips, providing the "bandages." All of these had to be wrapped around the body. However, if this is true, the bandages would hold the shroud close to the body and cause a "contact print" and not allow the projected image found on the shroud. If the bandages were under the shroud, they would likewise distort the image.

The fact that a separate piece of cloth is mentioned as being "upon his head" shows that a different piece covered his head, whereas the shroud clearly shows the image of the head on the same cloth that covered the body. However, some try to contend that this headcloth is actually the shroud. Yet this Greek word is variously translated as "napkin" (AV) or "handkerchief" (Catholic Confraternity Version), and at Luke 19:20 it is applied to a piece of cloth in which one keeps money. How could this be identified with a 14-foot (4.3-m) shroud! Others feel that this headcloth was a chin strap to hold the mouth of the corpse in place. If so, that would mean the shroud is not mentioned by John as being in the empty tomb. Certainly, since he details the "bandages" and the "headcloth," would it not seem likely he would have mentioned the "fine linen" or shroud, if it had been there?

The Scriptural account suggests that the body was washed and bound with myrrh and aloes according to the Jewish custom. All was completed except the anointing with oil and spices, which the women intended to do the following Sunday morning.[6] (Luke 23:55, 56; Mark 16:1)

Such preparations would have made impossible the present image on the shroud. Concerning the Bible account, shroud supporter Rodney Hoare admits:
"This section in St. John has for years been the main argument in the attack on the authenticity of the Shroud, and a very powerful argument it is." - The Testimony of the Shroud, p. 120.

An Unusual Silence of Early Christian Writers






If the graveclothes of Jesus had his image upon them, does it not seem to you it would have been noticed and become a subject for discussion? Yet, beyond what is in the Gospels, there is complete silence in the New Testament about the graveclothes.

Even the professed Christian writers of the third and fourth centuries, many of whom wrote about a host of so-called miracles in connection with numerous relics, do not mention the existence of a shroud containing the image of Jesus. Some claim that the shroud had been hidden during all these years. Still, even after the supposed burial shroud of Jesus had been "discovered," according to seventh-century writers, there is no mention of an image on it. Shroud advocate P. A. Beecher lists a considerable number of individuals who saw the shroud between the seventh and thirteenth centuries, one who even "kissed it," and yet not one mentioned the image. This is hard to understand, since 15th- and 16th-century viewers, according to Jesuit scholar Herbert Thurston, "describe the impressions on the shroud as so vivid in detail and colouring that they might have been quite freshly made."

....

Concerning this long period of silence, Ian Wilson, a backer of the shroud, asks some very searching questions:

"How could such a fascinating piece of cloth as the Shroud of Turin, if genuine, have gone totally unrecorded over thirteen centuries, suddenly to turn up in fourteenth-century France?

"Could it have been hidden away all the time, due to Jewish and Roman persecution of Christians, followed by the danger to all image-bearing objects during the period of the iconoclastic controversy (725-842)? This was most unlikely.

"There were four hundred years from the conversion of Constantine the Great to the onset of iconoclasm, during which many previously `hidden' relics came to light, including the entire True Cross, the crown of thorns, the nails, the purple cloak, the reed, the stone of the sepulcher, and many others. There was ample opportunity for such an important and unmistakable relic as the Turin Shroud to come to light. Yet there was no record of any such event."

....

Scientific and Historical Problems






Many theories have come and gone as to how the image was formed. Most scientists agree that the latest findings have shown that the whole image was produced from the same cause, perhaps from some process that "scorched" it.

This scientific conclusion presents some problems, for it indicates that the impression on the shroud should be basically one color, simply varying in intensity. Yet 16th-century viewers indicated that it was made up of two different colors. Not only did artistic reproductions of the time show it multicolored, but one observer, Chifflet, said:

"The figure of Turin shows hardly anything but dark crimson stains, . . . the marks of the wounds seem to be painted in over the impression of the body, which is in a thin pale yellow."

One could wonder if today's shroud is the same as the one displayed back in the 14th century and labeled a fraud by the then Roman Catholic bishop Henry de Troyes (France) and said to have been "cunningly painted." Joseph Hanlon, writing in New Scientist, raises an interesting possibility:

"But could there have been a double fake, one in the 14th century and another in the last century? The shroud was widely shown in the 15th and 16th centuries, but not later. Could it be that the first fraud became too obvious?

. . . Might the shroud's owners have done a better job in that time, using modern technology and medical knowledge, including tests such as Barbet's, and using ancient linen from the middle east? Might a statue have been created solely for this purpose, heated to give an impression on the cloth, and then destroyed?

. . . .

Nevertheless, there have been a number of sophisticated Victorian archaeological frauds, so we cannot ignore this possibility."

Others have suggested the use of a mixture of myrrh and aloes rubbed over a bas-relief (a picture with three-dimensional features) to produce a similar image. However, Adam Otterbein, president of the Holy Shroud Guild, concluded: "How the image was formed may be a mystery to the end of time. . . It's doubtful whether science will ever be able to prove how this was done."

Does It Affect Your Faith?






Obviously the debate about the shroud will continue for some time. But does this seem to you to be God's way of verifying the resurrection of his Son? How were persons in the first century convinced? Instead of relying on cloth that once draped a dead man, Jehovah saw to it that over 500 living eyewitnesses testified about the risen Christ. (1 Cor. 15:3-8) In the wake of such evidence, the graveclothes pale into insignificance.

Yet by such publicity could the shroud, even if it were authentic, overshadow this real evidence of the resurrection? Could it sidetrack persons into resting their faith on this piece of cloth? Even shroud scientist John Jackson said:

"But if someone were to base his faith completely on an unusual piece of cloth, that would really be a form of idolatry." - The Catholic Digest, April 1979.

It is very easy for a person to let his heart become enticed by the intriguing possibilities of the shroud. But will interest in the shroud create genuine faith? Will it help us to keep "walking by faith, not by sight"? (2 Cor. 5:7) What if it is proved to be a fraud? Would you lose your faith in the resurrection or at least develop some doubts? If you are excited by the shroud, just why? Does your faith need a brace such as this? Could it in reality prove to be a weak crutch? These are meaningful questions for every Christian to consider.

Though we live when people thrive on the spectacular, how often such has stolen attention from important matters. For instance, Franco Barbero, a Roman Catholic priest, remarked: "I wonder what would have happened in the Turin Church if all the energy spent and concentrated on this initiative had been concentrated on the preaching of the Word!" (Italics ours)

Yes, the "preaching of the Word," not the displaying of relics, is what will build genuine faith. It is what will create a sure hope that "does not lead to disappointment." (Rom. 5:5) This hope assures us that the same One who resurrected Jesus will again act, not by "sending" a piece of cloth to amaze the world, but by using his glorified Son to bring to its end a corrupt world that lacks true faith. At the same time he will deliver into a new order of righteousness persons of genuine faith. - 2 Pet. 3:13. - pp. 16-20, Awake!, 8 March 1980.

..............................................................................................

NOTES

1. Veronica's tale does not appear in the New Testament but is recorded in the fourth-century apocryphal Acts of Peter and in the medieval Golden Legend.

2. See for example, Walter C. McCrone, "The Shroud of Turin: Blood or Artist's Pigments?" Accounts of Chemical Research 5:23 (1990), pp. 77-83.

3. McCrone, Judgement Day for the Turin Shroud (Chicago: McCrone Research Institute, 1996).

4. McCrone, Judgement Day, pp. 291-308.

5. But notice this more recent testimony concerning that herringbone weave:








"Beyond all of the controversy over the chemical and carbon tests on the Shroud of Turin, one must consider the textile. The image appears on a linen pointed twill or herringbone twill textile.
"I am a weaver with a special interest in Egyptian textiles of the Coptic period (late third to mid-seventh century A.D.). In the past 25 years, I have examined Pharaonic and Coptic textiles in 36 museum collections in the United States, Canada, England, France, Italy and Egypt. I have studied material about other textile fragments found in the Western, Eastern and New Worlds that predate and postdate the Coptic period.

"Never, in all of the thousands of textiles in the museums or in the literature, have I found a complex twill textile comparable to the cloth of the shroud. Nor is there evidence during the Roman period for the multishaft loom necessary to weave this twill.

"One can venerate and admire the Shroud of Turin, but I cannot believe that this linen textile was woven in Christ's lifetime." - Nancy Hopkins, p. 10, Biblical Archaeological Review, 1999, Vol.25, No. 6.

6. Footnote from the quoted Awake! article:
"Such anointing would not have necessitated the removal of the graveclothes, for they could have merely poured the sweet-smelling oils over the body. (See Mark 14:3, 8; it shows, while still alive, Jesus was `anointed' for burial, yet the woman merely `poured it [oil] upon his head.')"

Also see:

SHROUD OF TURIN (INDEX; Watchtower Online Library)

Wednesday, August 11, 2010

Russell's "Pyramid Chronology" & Rutherford's "Beth-Sarim"

Russell's "Pyramid Chronology" & Rutherford's "Beth-Sarim"

It appears that some anti-Witness writers (especially the apostate ones) like to use such information as "proof" that the Watch Tower Organization is a "false prophet." Most often they concentrate on dates such as 1914 and 1975 which haven't had the fulfillment that was originally expected for them. Then they find one of the extremely rare instances where the Watch Tower Society apparently calls itself a "prophet" in some sense (such as one particular 1972 WT article) and then conclude that the Organization claims to be a Prophet, but its predictions fail to come true. Therefore, they reason, the WT Organization must be a False Prophet as defined in the Bible and must be strongly resisted by honest-hearted Christians. (See the PROPHET study paper)

At no time did Russell, Rutherford, or the WT organization claim to be an inspired prophet with the gift of inspired prediction like some of those mentioned in the Bible. In fact, Russell himself taught that the miraculous gifts of the Spirit (which include inspired prediction) ceased long before the beginning of the 3rd century! - WT, Sept. 15, 1911.

Russell himself taught this understanding of prophets: "There were a number of prophets (public orators) and teachers in the [early] church."

He continues,

"We see a distinction drawn in our lesson between prophets and teachers. The Greek word rendered `prophet' signifies a `forth-teller.' It might be understood to mean one who tells in advance, or foretells, or prophesies coming events; but in its general use in the New Testament the word seems to indicate one who tells forth, in the sense of proclaiming, giving public utterence to, or standing up before the people in declaration of the Lord's Message. The distinction between prophets and teachers, as here used, seems to be that the former were persons of natural talent and ability for teaching the truth in a public manner, in orderly discourse, etc., while the teachers would be those possessing talent as instructors, but not necessarily in a public, or oratorical manner; comparatively few have the qualifications for public speaking [prophets] .... some others, who have not ability as public discoursers, have talent for presenting the truth in a less public manner, as in Bible studies, etc. [teachers]." - p. 3005, May 1, 1902 WT.

Again, in the June 15, 1909 WT, Russell writes:

"We are not to despise prophecies, but to respect them and to heed them. But this is not what the Apostle refers to [1 Thess. 5:20]. By the word `prophesying' he meant teaching, public utterance. Do not despise what anyone may publicly utter as a child of God in the church of Christ....

"Nevertheless prove all things and hold fast to that which is good - that which stands the test. Because a brother is sincere, in earnest, does not prove that he is right in his Scriptural expositions .... Even if you cannot accept his proposition, the study of the subject, the searching of the Scriptures in the proving may be of lasting benefit to yourself, establishing you more than ever in the truth. But let us be sure that we hold fast to the good." - p. 4419.

So, by understanding what Russell (and Rutherford, et. al.) meant by the term "prophet" and that they certainly never considered themselves as inspired predicters of the future but merely imperfect, fallible men, we can see how their detractors twist their statements to make them appear to be "false prophets" in the Old Testament sense.

Russell wrote on pp. 5367, 5368 of the 15 Dec. 1913 WT (republished from an October 1, 1907 article):

"A dear Brother inquires, Can we feel absolutely sure that the Chronology set forth in the Dawn-Studies is correct? - That the harvest began in 1874 and will end in A.D. 1914....?"

"We answer," Russell continues, "as we have frequently done before in the Dawns and Towers and orally and by letter, that we have never claimed that they were knowledge, nor based upon indisputable evidence, facts, knowledge; our claim has always been that they are based on faith. We have set forth the evidence as plainly as possible and stated the conclusions of faith we draw from them....

"Many have examined these evidences and have accepted them; others equally bright do not endorse them....

"We neither urge nor insist upon our views as infallible, nor do we smite or abuse those who disagree; but regard as `brethren' all sanctified believers in the precious blood.

"On the contrary, it is those who differ who smite us and speak evil of us .... They are our critics who always claim the infallibility. We go humbly onward following the Apostle's example and words, `We believe and therefore speak,' whether others hear or forbear to hear. Is not this in accord with the Spirit of Christ?
....

"But some of those who come to a trifling point on which they disagree seem to imagine that the entire harvest work must be overthrown, or at least stopped, until they get their little jot or tittle satisfactorily adjusted." - p. 5367.

"But let us suppose a case far from our expectations: Suppose that A.D. 1915 should pass with the world's affairs all serene and with evidence that the `very elect' had not all been `changed' .... What then? Would that not prove our chronology wrong? Yes, surely! .... one of the strings of our `harp' would be quite broken!

"However, dear friends, our harp would still have all the other strings in tune and that is what no other aggregation of God's people on earth could boast.

....

"If, therefore, dearly beloved, it should turn that our chronology is all wrong, we may conclude that with it we have had much advantage everyway. If the attainment of our glorious hopes and present joys in the Lord should cost us such disappointment as our friends fear, we should rejoice and count it cheap!" - p. 5368.

And in the Jan. 1 1911 WT, Russell wrote:

"Suppose that our chronological calculations (never set forth as infallible) should prove to be fallible and in error. Our conclusion would merely be that the error could not be very great

....

"If, then, it should prove eventually that the crisis of earthly government will not be reached by the end of 1914, should we not be very faithful anyway, and remember that had it not been for that alarm clock which helped awaken us from the worldly stupor, we might not have been sufficiently awake to appreciate and enjoy the wonderful spiritual blessings which daily crown our lives?" - p. 4743.

And in the Oct. 15, 1913 WT, Russell wrote:

"We wish still, however, to reiterate what we have said from the first respecting the date of the close of the Times of the Gentiles; namely, that the calculations as we presented them in Vol. II, Studies in the Scriptures, are the truth to the best of our knowledge and belief. Nevertheless, there is enough uncertainty about the matter of chronology to make it a matter of faith rather than of positive knowledge. We remind our readers that our consecration to the Lord is not to October, 1914, nor to any other time except that mentioned by the Savior - `Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.' - Rev. 2:10." - p. 5336.

Attempting to determine dates of future scriptural events in order to encourage fellow Christians was important to Russell (and Rutherford). If they did it honestly and publicly (which they did), it was a part of prophesying (in the sense of speaking out publicly), but it was obviously never considered as (nor promoted as) infallible inspired prediction! Nor was it considered to be an essential element of the essential work of a modern Christian "prophet." When it comes to proclaiming the truth of essential Bible doctrines, "where else is there to go?"

"Beth-Sarim"

The 1975 Year Book tells us that

"Brother Rutherford had a severe case of pneumonia after his release from unjust imprisonment during 1918-1919 because of his faithfulness to Jehovah. Thereafter he had only one good lung. It was virtually impossible for him to remain in Brooklyn, New York, during the winter and still carry out his duties as the Society's president. In the 1920's he went to San Diego under a doctor's treatment. The climate there was exceptionally good and the doctor urged him to spend as much time as possible in San Diego. That is what Rutherford did ultimately.

"In time, a direct contribution was made for the purpose of constructing a house in San Diego for Brother Rutherford's use. It was not built at the expense of the Watch Tower Society. Concerning this property, the 1939 book Salvation stated: `At San Diego, California, there is a small piece of land, on which, in the year 1929, there was built a house, which is called and known as Beth-Sarim.'" - p. 194.

By November of 1941 Brother Rutherford's condition compelled him to return to Beth-Sarim for his final illness. He died there January 8, 1942.
However, the Salvation book (written by Brother Rutherford) quoted above goes on to say:

"The Hebrew words `Beth Sarim' mean `House of the Princes'; and the purpose of acquiring that property and building the house was that there might be some tangible proof that there are those on earth today who fully believe God and Christ Jesus and in His kingdom, and who believe that the faithful men of old will soon be resurrected by the Lord, be back on earth, and take charge of the visible affairs of earth. The title to Beth-Sarim is vested in the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in trust, to be used by the president of the Society and his assistants for the present, and thereafter to be for ever at the disposal of the aforementioned princes on the earth. .... and if and when the princes do return and some of them occupy the property, such will be a confirmation of the faith and hope that induced the building of Beth-Sarim." - p.311.

Apparently Brother Rutherford had earlier written that he expected the return of these princes in the year 1925. I don't have a copy of that, but I see no reason to doubt it. Note, however, that Beth-Sarim wasn't built until 1929.

Money had been contributed for the specific purpose of "constructing a house in San Diego for Brother Rutherford's use" during his illnesses. The money, of course, could not be legally (or morally) used for any other purpose.

It's not surprising that in his book Brother Rutherford didn't care to detail these conditions which would have necessarily put his physical illnesses on public display. His decision to also dedicate this ground and building to those princes whom he truly expected to soon return is certainly understandable.

The fact that the princes did not return as soon as he expected was obvious even before Beth-Sarim was even built and certainly doesn't make Brother Rutherford a False Prophet.

Pyramid Chronology

In 1859 an "eminently respectable Nottinghamshire Victorian" (Moffett quote) and respected London publisher, John Taylor, published his book, The Great Pyramid: Why Was It Built? And Who Built It?.

Taylor was also an earnest student of mathematics who had spent many long hours examining and analyzing the most accurate and detailed measurements then available for the Great Pyramid: Howard Vyse's survey in 3 volumes - Operations Carried On At The Pyramids Of Giza.

Taylor's eight-volume work claimed the Great Pyramid had been built through the inspiration of the God of the Bible. The various measurements of that pyramid were, he said, God-inspired messages to His people.
Then Dr. Charles Piazzi Smyth took over. He was

"a fellow of the Royal Society, Britain's august high command of the sciences, [and] his father, Admiral William Henry Smyth, had been one before him. At the time the younger Smyth encountered Taylor's theories, he was both professor of astronomy at Edinburgh University and Astronomer Royal of Scotland." - Moffett.

Inspired by Taylor's studies, Smyth launched into a fresh analysis of Howard Vyse's figures. His calculations and conclusions startled the world: not only was Taylor correct, he declared, but there were many new revelations to be found!

From 1864 until 1890 (at least) Piazzi Smyth was the greatest authority on the revelations of the Great Pyramid measurements. This respected scientist sincerely believed and taught, among other things, that the various measurements in and on the Pyramid were put there through inspiration from God by its Hebrew builders to encourage and inform God's modern people.

Many later studies by others came up with slightly different measurements and different interpretations, but Piazzi Smyth's were certainly the most impressive from the standpoint of scholastic authority, scientific sincerity, and world-wide endorsements. "As late as 1932," Moffett tells us, "there were still those ready to take up the cudgel for the Astronomer Royal."
Others, however, also became popular in this field.

"The heyday of pyramidology was to dawn in 1924, with the publication of The Great Pyramid: Its Divine Message. This was primarily the work of an English structural engineer named David Davidson." - Moffett.

Many intelligent, knowledgeable people around the world were convinced that the Great Pyramid had been divinely constructed to reveal Biblical truths. True, there was some argument as to which of the many different measurements being reported were the proper measurements. And there were various interpretations as to what each measurement actually represented. And there were a number of stuffy "curmudgeons" who still wouldn't be convinced by what seemed to be overwhelming statistical proof. But "Pyramid Fever" ran high, nevertheless.

And in 1890 the respected Dr. Piazzi Smyth was the Pyramid Chronology expert!

So, when C. T. Russell began examining Dr. Smyth's work and comparing it to his own attempts at chronology based on the Bible alone, it is no wonder he became very excited at what appeared to be an exact proportional match between the lengths of various consecutive measurements in the Pyramid and the lengths of consecutive time periods in his own Bible chronology.

As a result, in 1890, Russell's "Pyramid" calculations and their interpretation by him were forwarded to Piazzi Smyth in England. Smyth heartily endorsed them in his Dec. 21, 1890 letter which was reproduced in Studies in the Scriptures when Russell published his Great Pyramid testimony. - see pp. 311-312, Thy Kingdom Come.

As Russell tells us in that very same work which Piazzi Smyth had reviewed and praised:

"The first work of importance on the subject, proving that the Great Pyramid possessed scientific features, was by Mr. John Taylor, of England, A.D. 1859, since which time the attention of many able minds has been given to the further study of the testimony of this wonderful `Witness;' especially since Prof. Piazzi Smyth, Astronomer Royal for Scotland ... gave to the world the remarkable facts of its construction and measurements, and his conclusions therefrom. To his scholarly and scientific work, `Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid,' we are mainly indebted for the data made use of in this chapter....

"A few years after Prof. Smyth's return, came the suggestion that the Great Pyramid is Jehovah's `Witness,' and that it is as important a witness to divine truth as to natural science .... The suggestion came from a young Scotsman, Robert Menzies, who, when studying the scientific teachings of the Great Pyramid, discovered that prophetic and chronological teachings co-exist in it.

"Soon it became apparent that the object of its construction was to provide in it a record of the divine plan of salvation, no less than the record of divine wisdom relating to astronomical, chronological, geometrical, and other important truths." - pp. 319-320, Thy Kingdom Come, Studies in the Scriptures.

Later confirmation for Russell's "pyramid chronology" came from Dr. John Edgar, M.A., B.So., M.B., C.M., F.F.P.S.G., of Glasgow, Scotland, who, with his brother Morton, visited the Great Pyramid in 1909 to critically test Russell's interpretations.

"Their verdict, after a most elaborate investigation, was a thorough endorsement of Pastor Russell's interpretation" - p. 4953 [bound volume], Jan. 1, 1912 WT.

However, it must be noted that it was extremely difficult to determine exactly where to start (or end) many of the measurements in the Great Pyramid, and more and more differing measurements began to be made and promoted as Smyth's theories became more and more popular. It is even claimed that Smyth himself had used two different measurements for one of the passages - WT, p. 3451, Nov. 1, 1904, letters from readers.

Also, as Moffett, in his book debunking the various pyramidology theories, points out:

"if you took enough measurements and chose selectively, it would be possible to prove virtually anything." - p. 38, Secrets of the Pyramids Revealed.

I have no doubt that Taylor, Prof. Piazzi Smyth, and C. T. Russell (and thousands of others) were sincere, religious men who truly believed their interpretations of the Pyramid measurements. They were victims of statistical coincidences and multiple variables: it all honestly appeared to be mathematically precise proof - inescapably certain!

Although convinced of the accuracy of his pyramid chronology interpretations, Russell, nevertheless, considered it as merely corroborating the testimony of the Bible. It was "for a sign and a witness unto the Lord of Hosts." He wrote: "IF this, indeed, prove to be a Bible in stone; IF it be a record of the secret plans of the Great Architect of the universe, displaying his foreknowledge and wisdom; it should and will be in full accord with his written word." - pp. 317, 326, 341, Thy Kingdom Come.

Nevertheless, we must finally conclude, as with some other date interpretations, that Russell (and Rutherford) were incorrect. This does not make them False Prophets. They were no more (or less) than what they continually proclaimed themselves to be: mere imperfect men striving (with the aid of God's Spirit) for the truth. That their imperfect flesh did not always allow them perfect accord with the Holy Spirit should come as no surprise. Otherwise we would be treating them as Inspired Prophets and regarding their every word as "Scripture" (which, as we know, they strongly opposed). Instead, they are merely brothers, fellow servants.


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